In an introductory chapter, are set forth such
doctrines of psychology as have a bearing on Logic, the
nature of knowledge in general, and the classification of the
sciences; the intention being to avoid doctrinal digressions
in the course of the work. <...> The part on Deduction contains the usual doctrines
of the Syllogism, with the additions of Hamilton, and a full
abstract of the novel and elaborate schemes of De Morgan
and Boole. <...> The Inductive portion comprises the methods of
inductive research, and all those collateral topics brought
forward by Mr. Mill, as part of the problem of Induction;
various modifications being made in the manner of
statement, the order of topics, and the proportion of the
handling. <...> Mr. Mill’s view of the relation of Deduction and
Induction is fully adopted, as being the solution of the
otherwise inextricable puzzle of the syllogism, and the
means of giving unity and comprehensiveness to Logic. <...> A separate division is appropriated to the Logic of
the Sciences, with the view of still further exemplifying the
logical methods, and of throwing light upon various points
in the sciences themselves. <...> The review comprises all the
theoretical or fundamental sciences — Mathematics,
Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Psychology; the sciences
of Classification, or Natural History; and two leading
Practical sciences — Politics and Medicine.
5
Alexander Bain. <...> Logic
The department of Definition is, for the first time,
brought under a methodical scheme, and rendered of
coordinate value with Deduction and Induction, as a branch
of logical method. <...> The modes of defining, as a generalizing
process, are given under two canons, a positive and a
negative; and attention is called to the chief obstacles —
uncertainty in the denotation of words, and the gradual
transition of qualities into their opposites. <...> In discussing Fallacies, I have canvassed the
grounds for the usual practice of detaching the violations of
logical rules from the exposition of the rules themselves;
and have endeavoured to show that the only portions of the
subject proper to reserve for separate handling, are the
Fallacious tendencies of the Mind, and Fallacies of
Confusion. <...> In an Appendix, are
embraced the various Classifications of the Sciences, the
Province of Logic, the Classification of Nameable Things,
the Universal Postulate, the meanings of Analysis and
Synthesis, the Theories of Induction, the Art of Discovery,
and the maxims of Historical Evidence. <...> There is a general conviction that the utility of the
purely Formal Logic is but small; and that the rules of
Induction should be exemplified even in the most limited
course of logical discipline. <...> As I may be open <...>
Logic_Deduction._Pt._1.pdf
CONTENTS
PREFACE........................................................................... 5
INTRODUCTION................................................9
BOOK I. NAMES, NOTIONS, AND
PROPOSITIONS
CHAPTER I. NAMES OF TERMS.................................. 55
CHAPTER II. CLASSES, NOTIONS,
OR CONCEPTS................................................................ 79
CHAPTER III. PROPOSITIONS..................................... 99
BOOK II. DEDUCTION
CHAPTER I. THE SYLLOGISM.................................. 161
CHAPTER II. RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE
SYLLOGISM.................................................................. 213
CHAPTER III. FUNCTIONS AND VALUE
OF THE SYLLOGISM................................................... 245
CHAPTER IV. TRAINS OF REASONING AND
DEDUCTIVE SCIENCES.............................................. 253
CHAPTER V. DEMONSTRATION. — AXIOMS. —
NECESSARY TRUTH................................................... 259
3
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Alexander Bain. Logic
APPENDIX
A. — CLASSIFICATION OF THE SCIENCES ........... 269
B. — THE PROVINCE OF LOGIC............................... 283
C. — ENUMERATION OF THINGS............................ 299
D. — THE UNIVERSAL POSTULATE ....................... 313
E. — ARISTOTELIAN AND SCHOLASTIC
FALLACIES................................................................... 323
THE AXIOM OF THE SYLLOGISM........................... 329
4
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PREFACE
THE present work aims at embracing a full course of Logic,
both Formal and Inductive.
In an introductory chapter, are set forth such
doctrines of psychology as have a bearing on Logic, the
nature of knowledge in general, and the classification of the
sciences; the intention being to avoid doctrinal digressions
in the course of the work. Although preparatory to the
understanding of what follows, this chapter may be passed
over lightly on a first perusal of the work.
The part on Deduction contains the usual doctrines
of the Syllogism, with the additions of Hamilton, and a full
abstract of the novel and elaborate schemes of De Morgan
and Boole.
The Inductive portion comprises the methods of
inductive research, and all those collateral topics brought
forward by Mr. Mill, as part of the problem of Induction;
various modifications
statement, the order of topics, and the proportion of the
handling. The greatest innovation is the rendering of Cause
by the new doctrine called the Conservation, Persistence, or
Correlation of Force.
Mr. Mill’s view of the relation of Deduction and
Induction is fully adopted, as being the solution of the
otherwise inextricable puzzle of the syllogism, and the
means of giving unity and comprehensiveness to Logic.
A separate division is appropriated to the Logic of
the Sciences, with the view of still further exemplifying the
logical methods, and of throwing light upon various points
in the sciences themselves. The review comprises all the
theoretical or fundamental sciences — Mathematics,
Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Psychology; the sciences
of Classification, or Natural History; and two leading
Practical sciences — Politics and Medicine.
5
being made in the manner of
Стр.3
Alexander Bain. Logic
The department of Definition is, for the first time,
brought under a methodical scheme, and rendered of
coordinate value with Deduction and Induction, as a branch
of logical method. The modes of defining, as a generalizing
process, are given under two canons, a positive and a
negative; and attention is called to the chief obstacles —
uncertainty in the denotation of words, and the gradual
transition of qualities into their opposites.
In discussing Fallacies, I have canvassed the
grounds for the usual practice of detaching the violations of
logical rules from the exposition of the rules themselves;
and have endeavoured to show that the only portions of the
subject proper to reserve for separate handling, are the
Fallacious
tendencies
of the Mind, and Fallacies
of
Confusion. As these are subjects of great moment, and
admit of wide illustration, both are considered with some
minuteness.
None of the controversies
in the subject are
overlooked; but it has been deemed advisable to separate
them from the main body of the work. In an Appendix, are
embraced the various Classifications of the Sciences, the
Province of Logic, the Classification of Nameable Things,
the Universal Postulate, the meanings of Analysis and
Synthesis, the Theories of Induction, the Art of Discovery,
and the maxims of Historical Evidence.
To adapt the work to an elementary course of Logic,
the parts to be omitted are the Additions to the Syllogism,
the Logic of the Sciences, and the chapters
in the
Appendix. The junior student, or the candidate for a pass
examination, without attempting to master or commit these
reserved portions, might yet find their perusal of service in
understanding the rest.
There is a general conviction that the utility of the
purely Formal Logic is but small; and that the rules of
Induction should be exemplified even in the most limited
course of logical discipline. I would suggest that an
increased attention should be bestowed on Definition and
6
Стр.4
Preface
Classification, with reference both to scientific study and to
matters not ordinarily called scientific.
As I may be open to the charge of presumption in
appearing as a rival to Mr. Mill, I will venture the remark,
that an attempt to carry out still more thoroughly the
enlarged scheme of logical method, seems the one thing
hitherto wanting to the success of his great work.
ABERDEEN, March, 1870
7
Стр.5